Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Seismic Post-Stack Inversion in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

Seismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This study intends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for the identification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedance zone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume into porosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sand reservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity. The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosity of the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it could be a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysis indicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively be applied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and future exploration

Acute Traumatic Subdural Hematoma: Series of Thirty Cases

Objectives: Acute Traumatic Subdural Hematoma (ASDH) is one of the most dangerous and challenging neurosurgical problems faced by neurosurgeons. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) and falls are the most common causes of ASDH. This study focused to evaluate the incidence, mode, and severity of the injury, treatment options, and determine outcomes in patients with ASDH. Material & Methods:  Thirty patients with ASDH were studied over a period of three years. Detailed history, general and neurological examination including GCS were noted, CT scans were done and patients managed according to said protocol. Results:  Twenty-three (76.66%) were male and Seven (23.33%) were female. The common mode of injury were road traffic accidents (66.66%) and falls (26.66%). Out of 30 patients, 53.33% had GCS 3-5. Overall, the mortality rate was 60%. 23.33% of patients survived with severe disability and 10% of patients showed moderate disability and good recovery. The mortality rate was higher in patients above 50 years of age. Conclusion:  Acute traumatic subdural hematoma is still very fatal and has a high mortality. Early CT scanning emergency, surgery and good postoperative ICU care can play a role in improving the outcome in patients with ASDH

Determinants of Online Shopping and Customer Satisfaction during Covid 19: An Empirical Evidence from Karachi, Pakistan

Online shopping is gaining popularity in both developed and developing countries during Covid 19. As people feel happy to purchase the products online instead of going to the market due to the execution of lockdown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of online shopping factors like website presentation, product quality, and product price on customer satisfaction. A quantitative type of research was used in order to collect data from the respondents at one point in time-based on their availability. The questionnaire was used for the collection of the data. While the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The results of the study specified that a positive relationship exists between website presentation, product quality, and product price, and customer satisfaction. Besides, the result of the study revealed a significant positive effect of website presentation, product quality, and product price on customer satisfaction. This study outcome is of significance for marketers to establish a strategy by considering the important factors particularly for online shopping like website presentation, product quality as well as product price because it is crucial for customer satisfaction particularly during a period of Covid 19

Barriers in Social Distancing during Covid19 pandemic - Is a message for forced lockdown

The world currently faces the predicament of the fast-spreading COVID-19 which as of 21st April 2020 affects 210 countries over the globe. As the disease started spreading its shadow at an alarmingly rapid rate, new information about the novel coronavirus was extracted and it has been reported to be mainly transmitted directly from person-to-person, droplet spread by cough or sneezing or by fomites. Till an effective vaccine becomes available the most potent preventive measure that can be taken is for people to maintain distance and avoid gatherings. Importance of social distancing has been discussed on many forums and disseminated among the public but the problem arises when the practical implementation does not encompass the entirety of the theoretical concepts. Understanding the barriers that stand between applying social distance in community is imperative if authorities and public health sectors expect a substantial change in incident cases. It's imperative that measures should be taken to stop the spread of misinformation, and guide the masses regarding the importance of social distancing. Since the virus spreads by droplet transmission, so without these proper social distancing measures, the burden will increase and it will not be possible to put a stop to this pandemic

Evaluation of Gas Potential in Early Cretaceous Shale Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

The shale gas potential of the early Cretaceous Talhar shale member of the lower Goru Formation in lower Indus basin of Sanghar district, Sindh province, has been evaluated using 2D seismic and well logs data. Graphical and empirical techniques were applied to calculate various geochemical parameters for the evaluation of shale plays. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is calculated by Passey's (∆LogR) Overlay technique and its values are about 2.44 wt.%. Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) is estimated by graphical and empirical relation and the value lies between 0.95-1.0 which implies that the Talhar shale member is in peak oil and initial gas generation phase. Log-derived Maturity Index (LMI) is calculated by NPHI, RHOB or density log and uranium logs. The average value is about 0.55 which reflects that the formation is probably in the initial maturation phase. Kerogen Volume (Vk) is estimated by empirical relation using RHOB log as input and it is about 13 wt. % which reflects that the formation has enough potential of oil/gas expulsion. The results are compared and validated with a study of the adjacent field of the same basin. This study reveals that Talhar member of lower Goru Formation could be the future probable potential unconventional reservoir for exploration in lower Indus basin of Pakistan

CORRELATION BETWEEN MOLARS ANGULATION, OVERBITE AND VERTICAL SKELETAL PATTERN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between molars angulation, overbite and vertical skeletal pattern. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2019. Pretreatment records (lateral cephalograms and dental models) of 81 individuals were selected from the database of the Orthodontics Department. Overbite was measured from dental casts with a ruler and the values were recorded in both millimeter readings and percentages. Angulation of molars and the vertical skeletal pattern was evaluated from the lateral cephalograms. Correlation among molars angulation, overbite and vertical skeletal pattern was measured with the help of Pearson’s correlation. RESULTS: Out of 81 patients, 39 (48.1%) were males and 42 (51.9%) were females. Mean age of patients was 17+3 years. Mean angular measurements for upper 2nd molar angulation, upper 1st molar angulation, lower 2nd molar angulation and lower 1st molar angulation were 79.77±7.324, 82.38±5.967, 86.94±6.837, 82.38±6.638 degrees respectively. Mean linear measurements for posterior facial height (PFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), Jaraback’s Ratio (PFH/AFH), lower anterior facial height percentage (LAFH/PFH) were 74.70±7.410, 62±6.4502, 66.63±5.769, 55.24±3.6272 and 3.414±2.1727 respectively. A positive, significant correlation was found between angulation of lower 2nd molars and overbite. Correlation between angulation of lower molars, PFH and Jaraback,s ratio was positive and significant. Similar relationship was also determined between upper molars and vertical skeletal pattern. CONCLUSION: Angulation of upper and lower molars changed according to vertical skeletal pattern of an individual. Angulation of lower molars also changed with the overbite. Such a correlation was not found between upper molars and overbite

The Relationship between Supply Chain Fit and Return on Assets of the Firm

The decisive point of financial encroachment of supply chain management has been an ongoing interest. Forming on the operations strategy literature, this study examines the links between the supply chain fit (i.e. strategic consistency between the product ‘supply and demand uncertainty and emphasizing on supply chain Structure/design) and financial performance of the firm. We define firms with supply chain fit as firms where the products’ supply and demand uncertainty and supply chain responsiveness perfectly match the outcome. The data supports the hypothesis that supply chain fit is positively linked with financial performance of the firm. Contrary to it, supply chain misfit (negative misfit and positive misfit) has a negative relation with firm’s performance. Negative misfit is defined as firms that designed their supply chains to support responsiveness while the products’ supply and demand is quite certain and the products are predictable. Positive misfit is defined as firms that designed their supply chains to support efficiency while the products’ supply and demand is rather uncertain and the products are unpredictable

Effects of Hepatitis C on Hematological Parameters in local areas of Mirpurkhas

Introduction: Various diseases have emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HCV) confection, now that antiretroviral therapies become more effective e and has prolonged life expectancy in HIV-infected patients1. One of the most frequently identified extra-hepatic abnormalities often seen at the time of diagnosis of HIV is the hematological abnormalityObjective: To determine possible effects of Hepatitis C in local Population of MirpurkhasMethodology:140 diagnosed patients of Hepatitis C were selected from OPD/Ward MMCH and Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas, Patients of Hypertension, Heart Failure, Renal diseases and respiratory disease were excluded Their ALT, GGT, Alk Sodium was determined by kit method. Their RBC count, TLC, Platelet Count was counted and ESR was determinedResults: It was a prospective study and out of 140 hepatitis C patients 86 were male and 54 were female. The mean age was 54.77 ± 14.046 years. The mean height was 159.42 ± 11.188 cm and the mean weight was 53.69±10.604 Kgs. The mean BMI was calculated as 21.235 ± 5.0607 kgs/m2 (Table.1). The mean Hemoglobin was estimated as 10.639± 2.6924 gm% the mean RBC count was found 3.832 ± .8460 millions/cmm. The mean total leukocyte count was 9111.63 ± 4612.845 per cmm and the mean Platelet count was 160447.67 ± 93788.194 /dl. the mean ESR was 51.70 ± 26.320 (Table.2) The mean Alkaline phosphatase was 273.76± 96.818 IU, the mean GGT was 83.40 ± 102.650 IU and the mean ALT was 74.98 ± 58.614 IU. (Table.3.) The Correlation of hepatitis C was estimated by Pearson’s correlation using SPSS 15 and found that hepatitis has a significant correlation with Hemoglobin, RBC count, TLC and Platelet count (r=.167, .165, .181, 238 and p=.092̽*, .031*, 018* and .002** respectively) and it has an inverse correlation with ESR (r=-.213, p=.005**)Conclusion: Our data shows that hepatitis C has positive correlation with Hb, RBC Count, TLC and Platelet count while the hepatitis has a significant inverse correlation with ESR. More work is required to establish criteria regarding correlation between Hepatitis C and Hematological parameter

Synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites: Conventional to artificial intelligence approaches

Recent advances in graphene research have enabled the utilization of its nanocomposites for numerous energy-based and environmental applications. Recently, the advancement in graphene-based polymer nanocomposites has received much attention with special emphasis on synthesis and application. Graphene-based nanocomposites show astonishing electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal characteristics. Graphene nanocomposites (GNCs) are synthesized using a variety of methods, including covalent and non-covalent methods, a chemical-based deposition approach, hydrothermal growth, electrophoresis deposition, and physical deposition. Chemical methods are the most viable route for producing graphene in small quantities at low temperatures. The technique can also produce graphene films on a variety of substrate materials. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for the synthesis of AI-created nanoparticles has recently received a lot of attention. These nanocomposite materials have excellent applications in the environmental, energy, and agricultural sectors. Due to high carrier mobility, graphene-based materials enhance the photocatalytic performance of semiconductor materials. Similarly, these materials have high potential for pollutant removal, especially heavy metals, due to their high surface area. This article highlights the synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites with special reference to harnessing the power of modern AI tools to better understand GNC material properties and the way this knowledge can be used for its better applications in the development of a sustainable future